Culpeper's Rebellion
Bibliography

Note: All comments are solely related to events concerning Culpeper's Rebellion.

Andrews, Charles M. The Colonial Period of American History. vol. 3, The Settlements, Sixth Printing. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958.

A short piece with sufficient care for facts but some errors of a minor nature.

Ashe, Samuel A'Court. History of North Carolina. vol. 1, From 1584 to 1783.  Greensboro: Charles L. Van Noppen, 1908.

A good coverage at the time written. Stated that Albemarle John Culpeper was in Albemarle in 1670. Says leadership conferred on "Culpepper." Basically sound work which is now dated. 

Aylmer, G.E. 1603-1689 The Struggle for the Constitution: England in the Seventeenth Century. London: Blandford Press, 1965.

A very good general overview of the seventeenth century political situation in England.

Bassett, John Spencer. The Constitutional Beginnings of North Carolina (1663-1729). Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ed. Herbert B. Adams, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1894.

Useful for background, particularly, for the discussion of the powers of the privileges of the Bishop of Durham in his county palatine.

Biggs, Timothy, "A Narrative of The Transactions past In the Conty of Albemarle in Carolina Sence Mr. Tho. Miller his Arrivall there Being sent In Deputy per the Right [Honor]able Earle of Shaftsbery and president under Thos. Estchurch Comition [torn] governor under the Lords proprietors of the said province For the aforesaid County, [January, 1677/78]," AMs, Arents Tobacco Collection, New York Public Library, New York, from photocopy available at North Carolina Division of Archives and History as 63.9.1-5.

The document is undated. The January 1677/78 date was taken from a note in Parker, Higher-Court Records. There are several holes in the document and several places where the words are too illegible for accurate transcription. Biggs offers the only known record of events in the government between July 1677 and December of that year. His view is heavily biased in favor of the Miller government, a not unexpected one since he was a great friend of Miller. Biggs also had a personal dispute with George Durant relating to ownership of Durant's land adjacent to his own. When read with this knowledge, the report contains useful information.

Brinton, Crane. The Anatomy of Revolution. New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1965.

An excellent analysis of the theory of revolutions. Takes as examples the English Civil War, American Revolution, French Revolution, and the Russian Revolution of 1917. In addition to distilling out the essence of the phases of revolutions, Brinton also provides a few interesting facts of particular interest on the English Civil War.

Brockwell, Peter. Deposition in Chancery July 25, 1681, AMs, Chancery, Town Depositions, Class 24, Volume 1055, Part 2, No. 34, Public Records Office, London, from photocopy available at North Carolina Division of Archives and History as X82.9.1-3. For transcription see Appendix 1.

A resident in Albemarle County from October 1677 through at least January 1678/79 testifies to Miller's actions and matters related to disposal of the shallop in which Miller arrived in 1677.

Browne, William Hand. Maryland: The History of a Palatinate. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1884.

A general history of little use for this paper except for its brief coverage of Fendall's Rebellion.

Butler, Lindley S. and Alan D Watson, ed. The North Carolina Experience: An Interpretative and Documentary History. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1984.

Butler wrote the section on "Culpeper's Rebellion." Attributes failure of proprietors to act on Carteret's plea to continued negotiations with Berkeley. Makes no mention of connection of Culpeper with Berkeley. Misstates events surrounding Miller and the arrival of Gillam's ship. Conjectures that Albemarle might have been refuge for Bacon's rebels. Calls Culpeper's Rebellion most important of several such upheavals since it established a rebel government in the colony and a tradition of opposition to overseas rule. With the exception of the points above generally a good summary.

Butler, Lindley S. "The Governors of Albemarle County 1663-1689." North Carolina Historical Review. 56 (July 1969): 281-299.

Follows the pro- and anti-proprietor argument. Misstates facts of Miller's handling of the arrival of Gillam's ship, but otherwise good summary.

Cain, Robert J., ed. Records of the Executive Council 1664-1734. The Colonial Records of North Carolina (Second Series, Volume 7) Raleigh: Department of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and History, 1984.

Excellent reference for later events. Most records concerned with 1677 disturbance have previously been published by Saunders.

Chalmers, George. An Introduction of the History of the Revolt of the American Colonies: Being a Comprehensive View of its Origin, Derived from the State Papers Contained in the Public Offices of Great Britain. Boston: James Munroe and Company, 1845.

This posthumously published work was written at about the same time as Political Annals, but was to show intention of the colonists to seek independence from an early date. Very little information of use.

Political Annals of the Present United Colonies, from Their Settlement to the Peace of 1763: Compiled Chiefly from Records, and Authorised often by the Inserting of State-Papers. London: Unknown, 1780; reprint, New York: Burt Franklin 1968.

Written from the British perspective just after their loss in the Revolution. Supports Miller, but contains few details of the events. Despite his claim to have based this on official records, this document is best used as an indicator of British feeling of the time rather than as a source for fact.

Collections of the South Carolina Historical Society, vol. 5, The Shaftesbury Papers. Charleston: South Carolina Historical Society, 1897. [Cited as Shaftesbury Papers]

A very valuable source of information. Near primary source quality and of particular interest where events concerning Lord Shaftesbury are concerned.

Conner, R. D. W. History of North Carolina. Chicago and New York: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1919.

An excellent coverage of the events associated with the disturbances of 1677. Conner had the advantage of following Ashe and Saunders, and he writes the story well. Only facts becoming available after 1919 are not included.

Cumming, William P. North Carolina in Maps. Raleigh: State Department of Archives and History, 1966.

The authoritative book on maps related to North Carolina History. The maps provided with this text are well done and quite useful in finding places no longer bearing the same names which they bore in colonial times.

DeMond, Robert O. The Loyalists in North Carolina During the Revolution. Durham: Duke University Press, 1940; reprint, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co, 1979.

Barely mentions the events of our interest. Claims the cause was to thwart the enforcement of the navigation laws and customs duties.

Easterby, J.H. Guide to the Study and Reading of South Carolina History: A General Classified Bibliography, With a Supplement: A Selected List of Books and Reprints of Books on South Carolina History Published since 1950. Spartanburg: The Reprint Company, 1975.

Useful listing of documentation on South Carolina for the period of interest in this paper.

Fenn, Elizabeth A. and Peter H. Wood. Natives & Newcomers: The Way we Lived in North Carolina before 1770. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1983.

Of only passing interest in dealing with disasters in agriculture.

Gamble, Richard. Deposition in Chancery April 12, 1681, AMs, Chancery, Town Depositions, Class 24, Volume 1055, Part 2, No. 34, Public Records Office, London, from photocopy available at North Carolina Division of Archives and History as X82.3.1-3. For transcription see Appendix 2.

Mariner on shallop which brought Miller to Albemarle in 1677. Reports on events related to Miller's control of cargo and of later disposal of the shallop.

Gillam, Zacheriah. Deposition in Chancery August 18, 1681, AMs, Chancery, Town Depositions, Class 24, Volume 1055, Part 2, No. 34, Public Records Office, London, from photocopy available at North Carolina Division of Archives and History as X82.11.1-3. For transcription see Appendix 3.

Details of arrival in December 1677 and with Summers' control and disposal of the shallop.

Gooch, G. P. Political Thought in England from Bacon to Halifax. London: Oxford University Press, 1946.

For a short book it is very well done in its selection of material relating to the period covered here. Specific coverage on the Long Parliament is most valuable.

Grant, W. L. and James Munro, ed. Acts of the Privy Council of England. Colonial Series, Vol I. London: His Majesty's Stationary Office, 1908; reprint, Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint Ltd., 1966.

Authorized publication of acts of the Privy Council. Most only of peripheral interest related to contemporary events.

Greene, Jack P. Peripheries and Center: Constitutional Development in the Extended Politics of the British Empire and the United States, 1607-1788. Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press, 1986.

Only the early chapters are pertinent to the period studied in this paper. Actions of the Lords of Trade are of most interest.

Grimes, J. Bryan. North Carolina Wills and Inventories: Copied fom Original and Recorded Wills and Inventories in the Officer of the Secretary of State. Raleigh: Edwards & Broughton Printing Company, 1912.

Useful only for background data on lifestyles. Few entries for the persons related to this paper except that information from will of George Durant.

Haley, K. H. D. The First Earl of Shaftesbury. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1968.

A very detailed life of Lord Shaftesbury. Most useful in tracking down his actions although most of the book deals with his political activities. The chapter on trade and plantations covers all the colonies in which he had an interest. Highly recommended reading for those who would know more about this most important of the original eight Lords Proprietors.

Hammond, William. Deposition in Chancery April 12, 1681, AMs, Chancery, Town Depositions, Class 24, Volume 1055, Part 2, No. 34, Public Records Office, London, from photocopy available at North Carolina Division of Archives and History as X82.4.1-3. For transcription see Appendix 4.

Arrived in Gillam's ship December 1677. Testifies relating to actions just prior to arrival of Gillam and Durant as well as facts about disposal of shallop which brought Miller to Albemarle in July 1677.

Harrison, Fairfax. "The Proprietors of the Northern Neck: Chapters of Culpeper Genealogy." The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 33 and 34 (April, July, and October 1925; January 1926), 112-153, 223-267, 333-358, 19-64.

Detailed report of the Culpeper genealogy from about 1475 down through John Culpeper and his siblings. His description of the events of December 1677 are skimpy and misleading. Data on The John Culpepers in late seventeenth century America not reliable.

Hathaway, J. R. B., ed. North Carolina Historical and Genealogical Register. 1901-1903.

Publication of more general interest to genealogists than historians. Originals of some of his published material taken from the Edenton court house can no longer be found. Parker notes that there are many misreadings of manuscripts in Hathaway's work.

Hawks, Francis L. History of North Carolina with Maps and Illustrations. Fayetteville: E.J. Hale & Son, 1858.

Dr. Hawks is very free with his words and has taken his lead from in strongly supporting Eastchurch and Miller in his writing. If one overlooks the obviously overly exuberant verbiage, the story told contains the facts as they were then available to him. Recommended only for the flavor of the age, but flavor is not fact.

Hill, Christopher. The Century of Revolution 1603-1714. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1961.

A complete study in not only the political situation, but more importantly, it covers the financial and developing social problems of the century.

Jensen, Merrill, ed. English Historical Documents: American Colonial Documents to 1776. English Historical Documents Series, ed. David C. Douglass, no. 9. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955.

Useful source for text of the Navigation Acts.

Jones, H. G. For History's Sake: The Preservation and Publication of North Carolina History 1663-1903. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1966.

Good background on Saunders' work in collecting and publishing the colonial records.

North Carolina Illustrated 1524-1984. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1983.

Brief description of the 1677 events following pro- and anti- proprietor views.

Kammen, Michael, Empire and Interest: the American Colonies and the Politics of Mercantilism. Philadelphia, New York, Toronto: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1970.

The emphasis on the English trade policies give this volume an importance in understanding how the developing emphasis on monopoly trade and the greed accompanying it made a major impact on the American colonies.

Kossman, E. H. and A. F. Mellink, eds., Texts Concerning the Revolt of the Netherlands. London and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1974.

Useful as a source of an English translation of the Dutch action of 1581 in which the States General declared that the Netherlands would no longer recognize Philip as their king.

Lamb, Joshua. Special collection of personal papers at North Carolina Division of Archives and History, TMs.

Photocopy available of typed transcription of Sir William Berkeley's deed of Roanoke Island to Joshua Lamb, April 17, 1676.

Lefler, Hugh T. and William S. Powell. Colonial North Carolina: A History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973.

Contends that Miller met with force by those who objected to his instructions. Says Gillam's crew confined. Calls Culpeper a firebrand. Follows pro- vs. anti-proprietors theory. Misstates number of those opposing Miller who subsequently went to England. On the whole a disappointing coverage when one considers the credentials of the authors.

Locke, John. Notes on Meetings and Correspondence of the Carolina Proprietors, 1671-1675, Ms, Lovelace Manuscripts, Ms, Locke c.30, Bodleian Library, Oxford England, from photocopy available at North Carolina Division of Archives and History as 63.1.3.

Photocopies of pages from Locke's notebook. One page with agreement between agent of Sir William Berkeley and other proprietors for Berkeley to take sole possession of the Albemarle County area.

McCrady, Edward. The History of South Carolina Under the Proprietary Government 1670-1719. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1901.

This general history from the beginning of this century provides more background to overall conditions in the colony prior to 1700. One item of particular note is that W. Noel Sainsbury was hired to compile the colonial records for South Carolina just as he had compiled those which Saunders edited for the North Carolina Colonial Records. If Sainsbury had any bias or predilection to omit any records, the effect would be wide spread.

McIlwaine, H. R. Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia. 2nd ed. Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1979.

An invaluable collection of the documents which are still available from Virginia in the period in the latter part of the seventeenth century. Since some of those records were lost in the burning of Richmond in the Civil War, copies of notes made of those records by Conway Robinson are also included.

Nash, Jaquelin Drane. "Frances Culpeper." In Dictionary of North Carolina Biography. ed. William S. Powell. Vol. I, 470. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1979

A short biographical piece which positively states that John Culpeper was the brother of Sir William Berkeley's wife Frances Culpeper Berkeley.

Oldmixon, John. The British Empire in America: Containing the History of the Discovery, Settlement, progress and State of the British Colonies of the Continent and Islands of America. London: Printed for J. Brotherton, etal, 1741; reprint, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1696.

Interesting background, but no specific data for this paper.

Palmer, R. R. The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959.

Useful for consideration of the generalized causes of revolutions. Otherwise not specifically applicable for the subject of this paper.

Parker, Mattie Erma E., "Timothy Biggs." In Dictionary of North Carolina Biography. ed. William S. Powell. Vol. I, 153-155. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1979

A short biographical piece with a great deal of useful information.

"John Culpeper." In Dictionary of North Carolina Biography. ed. William S. Powell. Vol. I, 470-472. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1979

A short biographical sketch which only offers half-hearted support for a sibling relationship with Frances Culpeper. Good summary of the specifics of John Culpeper in the events of 1677.

"Legal Aspects of "Culpeper's Rebellion." North Carolina Historical Review. 45 (1968), 111-127.

Excellent analysis of the absence of Miller's legal basis to serve as president of the Council. Contains summary of the Biggs January 1677/78 narrative. Name of Gillam's mate unknown. Places Miller's action aboard Gillam's ship a day or two after Gillam's arrival. On the whole an excellent coverage of main events of the disturbance of 1677.

North Carolina Charters and Constitutions 1578-1698. Raleigh: Carolina Charter Tercentenary Commission, 1963.

Useful for background especially in the introduction.

North Carolina Higher-Court Records 1670-1696. Raleigh: State Department of Archives and History, 1968.

In addition to the wealth of detail of court records, the introduction is the best single discussion of Albemarle between 1670 and 1689 found in the research for this paper. Errors noted under "Legal Aspects", above, are also contained here.

"Thomas Eastchurch (Esthurt)." In Dictionary of North Carolina Biography. ed. William S. Powell. Vol. 2, 129-130. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1986.

A short biographical sketch reporting a departure date from England by Eastchurch and Miller which is not consistent with data reported in this paper.

Paschal, Jr., Herbert Richard. "Proprietary North Carolina: A Study in Colonial Government." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, 1961.

Used for general background only. Note that the page which should follow page 299 is missing from all known copies at UNC Chapel Hill.

Peace, Walter. Deposition in Chancery August 10, 1681, AMs, Chancery, Town Depositions, Class 24, Volume 1055, Part 2, No. 34, Public Records Office, London, from photocopy available at North Carolina Division of Archives and History as X82.7.1-3. For transcription see Appendix 5.

Reports only sale of shallop in Albemarle in 1679. Not pertinent.

Powell, William S. North Carolina: A History. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1977.

Very short coverage of events of interest here. Too general to be of value.

The Proprietory of Carolina. Raleigh: The Carolina Charter Tercentenary Commission, 1963.

An excellent discussion of the Lords Proprietors of Carolina during the existence of their charter from 1663 to 1729.

Y^e Countie of Albemarle in Carolina. Raleigh: State Department of Archives and History, 1958.

A valuable collection of papers on the period 1664-1675. Introduction says Culpeper was governor for two years before being arrested and taken to England for trial. Use the printed papers, but skip the words in the introduction relating to the disturbances of 1677.

Rankin, Hugh F. Upheaval in Albemarle: The Story of Culpeper's Rebellion 1675-1689. Raleigh: The Carolina Charter Tercentenary Commission, 1962.

An excellent work, but contains no foot or end notes. Discounts this as first stirrings of an independence movement. Thinks cause is resistance to new policies after restoration of Charles II. Contains short biographical sketches of many participants.

Rowles, John. Deposition in Chancery April 23, 1681, AMs, Chancery, Town Depositions, Class 24, Volume 1055, Part 2, No. 34, Public Records Office, London, from photocopy available at North Carolina Division of Archives and History as X82.5.1-3. For transcription see Appendix 6.

Signed on with Gillam at time of launching Carolina in August 1677. Testifies on events of Miller arrest of boat crew of which he was a member. Other testimony relating to shallop.

Russell, Conrad. Parliaments and English Politics 1621-1629. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.

An excellent study of the politics of the 1620s in England.

Salley, Jr., A.S., ed. Journal of the Grand Council of South Carolina: August 16, 1671- June 14, 1680. Columbia: The Historical Commission of South Carolina, 1907.

Excellent data for study of the official actions taken in South Carolina. Particularly appropriate for study of actions by John Culpeper and those who joined him in flight from that area in 1673.

Records of the Secretary of the Province and the Register of the Province of South Carolina 1671-1675. Columbia: Historical Commission of South Carolina, 1944.

Primarily useful as a backup and corroboration of data found in Journal of the Council.

Warrants for Lands in South Carolina 1672-1711. Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1973.

Used for general reference only, but it does show the extensive work done by John Culpeper as Surveyor General between 1671 and 1673.

Sanders, Joanne McRee, comp. and ed. Barbados Records: Baptisms 1637- 1800. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1984.

Data taken from the records of the eleven parishes in Barbados. Not all inhabitants are covered since non-members of the Church of England did not have their children baptisized there.

Saunders, William L., ed. The Colonial Records of North Carolina. Raleigh: P.M. Hale, 10 volumes, 1886-1890.

An invaluable collection of records of early North Carolina history which for our period of interest are almost all from the British Public Records Office. They were collected and transcribed by Mr. W. Noel Sainsbury, a senior clerk at the BPRO, and sent in 40 bundles directly to the publisher. Recent attempts to locate the Sainsbury documents used by the printer have been fruitless. A more recent project by the North Carolina Division of Archives and History has resulted in many photocopies of the original documents being now available in Raleigh.

Prefatory Notes to the Colonial Records of North Carolina. Raleigh: Josephus Daniels, 1887.

The prefaces of all ten volumes of Colonial Records published separately in this volume make it easy to follow the history of the colony from Saunders' perspective. He is strongly biased for the colonists and against the English.

Shaftesbury Papers. See Collections of the South Carolina Historical Society, vol. 5.,

 Included here only as a cross-reference.

Sirmans, M. Eugene. Colonial South Carolina: A Political History 1663- 1763. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1966.

Generally recognized as a leading authority on South Carolina. Used only for his brief mention of John Culpeper's stay in South Carolina.

Spindel, Donna J. Crime and Society in North Carolina, 1663-1776. Baton Rouge and London: Louisana State Univeristy Press, 1989.

Unfortunately, this book is too weak on facts prior to 1715 to be of value to this study.

Shurtleff, Harold R., ed. The Log Cabin Myth: A Study of the Early Dwellings of the English Colonists in North America. With an Introduction by Samuel Eliot Morison. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1967.

Written by the architect-in-residence at Williamsburg to document his findings that the log cabin was not a common feature of the earliest housing for American colonists.

Summers, Solomon. Petition to Lords Commissioners of Treasury, March 15, 1679/80, AMs, Treasury, Class 4, Volume 1, Public Records Office, London, from photocopy available at North Carolina Division of Archives and History as X76.2584.1.

Requests payment for services to Miller in helping enforce customs laws from July to December 1677.

Affidavit January 31, 1679/80, AMs, Colonial Office Papers, Class 1, Volume 44, Public Records Office, London, from photocopy available at North Carolina Division of Archives and History as 70.486.1-2.

Photocopy of document which shows certain minor variances from the version of it published in Colonial Records

Taylor, John. Deposition in Chancery September 15, 1681, AMs, Chancery, Town Depositions, Class 24, Volume 1055, Part 2, No. 34, Public Records Office, London, from photocopy available at North Carolina Division of Archives and History as X82.10.1-3. For transcription see Appendix 7.

Testifies that Miller caused Leech to sue Durant for the shallop even though Leech had never troubled Durant about the shallop before.

Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. Edited by J. P. Mayer, Translated by George Lawrence. Garden City: Doubleday & Company, 1969.

This well-known work was written about forty years after the events we study here, and is based on more observation in the northern colonies than in the south. North Carolina was visited only by transiting it from south to north in a carriage. Some of his remarks on trade are pertinent.

Wheeler, John Hill. Historical Sketches of North Carolina from 1584 to 1851: Compiled from Original Records, Official Documents, and Traditional Statements with Biograhical Sketches of Her Distinguished Statesmen, Jurists, Lawyers, Soldiers, Divines, Etc. Philadelphia: Unknown, 1851; reprint Baltimore: Regional Publishing Co., 1964.

Not generally held in high esteem because of many errors, but with that knowledge may be used as lead to other data.

Wilkinson, William. Deposition in Chancery April 23, 1681, AMs, Chancery, Town Depositions, Class 24, Volume 1055, Part 2, No. 34, Public Records Office, London, from photocopy available at North Carolina Division of Archives and History as X82.6.1-3. For transcription see Appendix 8.

Another member of Carolina's crew who testifies about his experiences in going ashore with Gillam on arrival in Albemarle. Also testifies about Summers hire as master for Biggs' sloop.

Williamson, Hugh. The History of North Carolina. 1812; reprint Spartanburg: The Reprint Company, 1973.

Basically a good general coverage of the events of 1677 even though Culpeper cast as somewhat more of a villain than was necessary.

Wood, John. Deposition in Chancery August 4, 1681, AMs, Chancery, Town Depositions, Class 24, Volume 1055, Part 2, No. 34, Public Records Office, London, from photocopy available at North Carolina Division of Archives and History as X82.8.1-3. For transcription see Appendix 9.

A Carolina resident in 1677 who testifies on Miller's arrival and on the disposal of the cargo from the shallop which brought him. Also covered Summers' work for Biggs and Miller's hiring of a guard from Bacon's men of bad repute. Miller's threat to hang Durant and events of overthrow well covered. Departed Albemarle with Gillam and Durant in May 1678.